HortEnsiA: adaptação transcultural do Garden Resource, Education, and Environment Nexus e estudo fatorial de validação / HortEnsiA: cross-cultural adaptation of the Garden Resource, Education, and Environment Nexus and factorial validation study

Resumo Introdução As hortas escolares como ambiente educador, reconhecidamente, têm desempenhado importantes mudanças nas atitudes dos estudantes. Porém, apesar dos aspectos positivos já descritos, não há no Brasil um instrumento que avalie a adesão da escola às propostas da horta escolar. Objetivo O presente estudo objetivou traduzir, adaptar transculturalmente e validar o instrumento Garden Resource, Education, and Environment Nexus (GREEN), após autorização da autora Kate Gardner Burt. Método O processo de operacionalização da adaptação transcultural baseou-se nos procedimentos sugeridos pela Organização Mundial da Saúde. O estudo psicométrico foi realizado por Análise Fatorial Exploratória. Resultados O instrumento traduzido e adaptado transculturalmente foi respondido por 123 servidores de 93 escolas do município do Rio de Janeiro. Ao longo do processo da adaptação transcultural do instrumento original em inglês "GREEN", foi criado o constructo "HortEnsiA" (Horta, Ensino e Ambiente). Conclusão A avaliação psicométrica aponta a necessidade de uma melhor organização da gestão e das atividades sociais ligadas à horta na escola. A partir da participação de técnicos agrícolas na construção e aplicação do instrumento "HortEnsiA", observou-se que a presença desses profissionais pode contribuir para a otimização da implementação e uso da horta como ambiente educador.

Abstract Background School gardens as an educational environment, admittedly, have played important changes in the attitudes of students. However, despite the positive aspects of the implementation of school gardens are recognized, there is no instrument in Brazil to assess school adherence to the proposal. Objective This study aimed to carry out the cross-cultural adaptation of the Garden Resource, Education, and Environment Nexus ("GREEN") tool, and to validating it for the Brazilian reality. Method The process of operationalizing of cross-cultural adaptation was based on the procedures suggested by the WHO. The psychometric study was carried out by exploratory factor analysis. Results The translated and cross-culturally adapted tool was applied to 125 civil servant respondents from 93 schools in the city of Rio de Janeiro. Throughout the process of transcultural adaptation of the original English "GREEN" tool, the "HortEnsiA" construct was created and properly adapted to Brazilian Portuguese. Conclusion The psychometric assessment points to a better organization of management and social activities related to the school garden at school. It was observed that the participation of agricultural technicians in the construction and application of the "HortEnsiA" tool can contribute to optimize the use of the school garden as an educational environment in the Brazilian reality.

Contribution of the carbonized rice husk added to the substrate in the production of vegetable seedlings

The carbonized rice husk (CRH) is an agro-industrial residue with great potential for use in mixtures with other substrates for the production of vegetable seedlings. Thus, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of the addition of CRH to the commercial substrate for the production of greenhouse seedlings. The evaluated vegetables were lettuce, broccoli and mustard, cultivated in polystyrene foam (Styrofoam®) trays. Five treatments were evaluated: 100% of the commercial substrate (CS); 25% of CRH + 75% of CS; 50% of CRH + 50% of CS; 75% CRH + 25% CS; and 100% CRH, in a completely randomized design with twelve replicates. The substrates were evaluated for their physical and chemical characteristics. The morphometric evaluations were: number of leaves per plant, plant height, shoot fresh matter yield, root length, and shoot and root dry matter yield. The data were submitted to regression analysis, and the homogeneity of the variance between the experiments was confirmed by the Cochran test. With the addition of CRH to the substrate, there was an increase in total porosity and P content and a reduction in density, water holding capacity, cation exchange capacity, electrical conductivity, and N, K, S, Ca and Mg contents. The carbonized rice husk added to the commercial substrate is a viable alternative for the production of lettuce, broccoli and mustard seedlings. The quality of the vegetable seedlings was higher when there was a 25% CRH + 75% CS mixture.

Exposición a plaguicidas y cuidados de la salud en la horticultura periurbana: el caso del Cinturón Verde de la Ciudad de Córdoba, Argentina / Health care and exposure to pesticides in periurban horticulture: the case of the Green Belt of the City of Cordoba, Argentina

Resumen El propósito de este artículo es analizar la exposición a plaguicidas y cuidados de la salud, en el contexto de las prácticas productivas y reproductivas de la vida cotidiana de horticultores del Cinturón Verde de Córdoba (CVCC), Argentina, desde los dominios individual, particular y general como marco comprensivo de los procesos de determinación de salud. Se implementó un estudio analítico explicativo que incluyó el uso de metodologías mixtas entre 2013 y 2017. Se efectuó un análisis de triangulación de resultados provenientes de las vertientes cuantitativas y cualitativas. Se observó que el Modelo Productivo Agrícola Dominante determina el deterioro de las condiciones productivas y la exposición a plaguicidas de la población hortícola del CVCC. Los deficientes sistemas de regulación del uso de la tierra, débil legislación y control acorde al contexto, por parte del Estado, inciden en la vida cotidiana y obturan las prácticas individuales protectoras de la salud de los horticultores.

Abstract This article aims to analyze health care and exposure to pesticides within the context of productive and reproductive practices or the everyday life of horticulturists in the Green Belt of the City of Cordoba (GBCC), Argentina, from the individual, particular and general domains as the comprehensive framework of health determining processes. An explanatory analytical study was implemented which included the use of mixed methodologies between 2013 and 2017. A triangulation analysis was carried out of the results of the quantitative and qualitative aspects. It was observed that the dominant agricultural productive model has determined the deterioration of the productive conditions and exposure to pesticides of the horticultural population of the GBCC. Deficient systems for regulating land use, weak legislation and control from the State in accordance with the context impact on everyday life and block the horticulturists' individual health protection practices.

Macronutrient uptake, transport and use efficiency in seedlings of Pochota fendleri produced in different substrates / Eficiência de absorção, transporte e utilização de macronutrientes por mudas de Pochota fendleri produzidas em diferentes substratos

Seedlings produced in containers can be influenced by the materials used in the substrate, which affects the robustness of the plants and, indirectly, the time required for transplanting and for the plants to become established in the field. The aim of this study was to determine the chemical properties of different materials and on the absorption of macronutrients in Pochota fendleri seedlings (cedro-doce). The treatments were: sand (Sa), soil (So), sand+soil (Sa+So), and sand+soil+crushed Brazil nut capsules (Sa+So+CNC). The growth and macronutrient content were evaluated at 60 days after thinning. The amount of macronutrients in the substrate increased with the addition of crushed Brazil nut capsules. The use of different materials for the substrate, particularly Sa+So+CNC, had a positive influence on the morphological characteristics of seedlings, which ensuring high rates of establishment and survival after outplanting, making commercial reforestation with Pochota fendleri attractive.

As mudas produzidas em recipientes podem ser influenciadas pelos materiais utilizados no substrato, que afetam a robustez das plantas e, indiretamente, o tempo necessário para o transplante e o estabelecimento das plantas no campo. O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar as propriedades químicas de diferentes materiais e a absorção de macronutrientes em mudas de Pochota fendleri (cedro-doce). Os tratamentos foram: areia (Sa), solo (So), areia + solo (Sa + So) e areia + solo + casca de ouriço da castanha do Brasil triturada (Sa + So + CNC). O crescimento e o teor de macronutrientes foram avaliados 60 dias após o desbaste. A quantidade de macronutrientes no substrato aumentou com a adição de casca de ouriço da castanha do Brasil triturada. O uso de diferentes materiais para o substrato, principalmente o Sa + So + CNC, influenciou positivamente as características morfológicas das mudas, garantindo altas taxas de estabelecimento e sobrevivência após o plantio, tornando atraente o reflorestamento comercial com Pochota fendleri.

Seed potato minitubers production in a reused substrate / Produção de minitubérculos de batata-semente em substrato reutilizado

Minituber production is an important step to obtain high-quality seed potatoes. This production is carried out in a greenhouse using a large volume of commercial substrate acquired in specialized trade. An alternative to reduce the volume of substrate purchased for each production of minitubers would be to reuse it, which would be a way to optimize its use. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of reused substrates in the minituber production. The experiment was conducted in Tapira-MG with the Atlantic potato cultivar. The experimental design was a randomized block with six treatments and four replications, where each plot was represented by a box (0.15 x 0.4 x 0.5m: height, width, and length, respectively) containing substrates. Treatments consisted of formulation 04-14-08 rates (0, 25, 50, 75, and 100 g box-1) added to reused substrate and a control consisting of a new virgin substrate. At 45 days after transplanting, the following characteristics were evaluated: stem size (cm), and quantities of fresh and dry matter of aerial part of plants. Harvesting was performed manually, counting, and calculating the yield of tubers according to class. The reuse substrate with enriched nutrient regardless of the rate, when compared to the use of a new virgin substrate, did not interfere in potato plant development and in the total productivity of minitubers of classes I, II, III, and IV. This can be a feasible alternative for optimizing the use of the virgin substrate. The rate of 25 g box-1 of 4-14-8 is sufficient to provide the needs of potato in nutrients, ensuring high productivity.

A produção de minitubérculos é uma etapa importante para obtenção de batata-semente de alta qualidade. Esta produção é realizada em casa de vegetação e utiliza grande volume de substrato comercial adquirido no comércio especializado. Uma alternativa para diminuir o volume de substrato adquirido a cada produção de minitubérculos seria a reutilização do mesmo, o que seria uma forma de otimizar o seu uso. Neste sentido, objetivou-se avaliar a eficiência de substratos reutilizados na produção de minitubérculos de batata. O experimento foi conduzido no município de Tapira-MG, com a cultivar Atlantic. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos casualizados com seis tratamentos e quatro repetições, onde cada parcela foi representada por uma caixa (0,15 x 0,4 x 0,5 m: altura, largura e comprimento, respectivamente) contendo substratos. Os tratamentos foram constituídos por doses do formulado 04-14-08 (0, 25, 50, 75 e 100 g caixa-1) adicionadas ao substrato reutilizado e uma testemunha com substrato virgem. Aos 45 dias após o transplantio foram avaliadas as características: tamanho de haste (cm), matéria fresca e matéria seca da parte aérea. A colheita foi realizada manualmente e procedeu a contagem e a produtividade de tubérculos, em classes. O substrato reutilizado enriquecido com nutrientes, independentemente da dose, quando comparado ao substrato virgem, não interferiu no desenvolvimento da planta de batata e na produtividade total dos minitubérculos das classes I, II, III e IV. Esta pode ser uma alternativa viável para otimizar o uso do substrato virgem. A taxa de 25 g box-1 de 4-14-8 é suficiente para atender às necessidades de batata em nutrientes, garantindo alta produtividade.

Performance of ginger crop under different irrigation depths / Desempenho da cultura do gengibre sob diferentes lâminas de irrigação

In order to achieve good yields and profitability from ginger crops, the water supply must be adequate. However, there are few studies available which have evaluated the adequate water supply to this vegetable. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of different irrigation depths on the development and productivity of ginger plants. The research was conducted at the "Sítio Schmidt" farm located in the municipality of Santa Maria de Jetibá, in the central mountainous region of Espírito Santo State, Brazil. The experimental design was a randomized block design with four replications, each experimental unit consisting of three rows at a spacing of 0.90 m and 0.10 m between plants of two meters extension, totaling 20 experimental units. The treatments consisted of application of five irrigation depths equivalent to: 50%, 75%, 100%, 125% and 150% of crop evapotranspiration (ETc). We evaluated the number of sprouts; average mass of export quality rhizome; the production of export, small and total rhizomes (t ha-1); and water use efficiency. The total water depth applied in the range 1100­1200 mm per cycle favors the development of ginger plants, providing the highest yields of total and export rhizomes, the greatest average mass of export quality rhizome and lowest production of small rhizomes.

Para que se alcance bons rendimentos e lucratividade com a cultura do gengibre o fornecimento de água deve ser adequado. Entretanto, ainda são poucos os trabalhos que avaliam o adequado fornecimento de água para esta hortaliça. Frente a isso, objetivou-se avaliar o efeito de diferentes lâminas de irrigação no desenvolvimento e na produtividade da cultura do gengibre. A pesquisa foi conduzida na propriedade "Sítio Schmidt" localizada no município de Santa Maria de Jetibá, região Central Serrana do Estado do Espírito Santo. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições, sendo cada unidade experimental constituída por três fileiras em um espaçamento de 0,90 m e 0,10 m entre plantas de dois metros de extensão, totalizando 20 unidades experimentais. Os tratamentos consistiram na aplicação de cinco lâminas de irrigação, sendo elas: 50%, 75%, 100%, 125% e 150%. Foram avaliados o número de brotações; a massa média dos rizomas com padrão tipo exportação; as produtividades de rizomas tipo exportação, pequeno e total (t ha-1); e a eficiência do uso da água. A lâmina total aplicada na faixa de 1100-1200 mm por ciclo, ou seja, 75 a 100% da ETc favorece o desenvolvimento de plantas de gengibre, proporcionando maiores produtividades de rizoma total e tipo exportação, maior massa média de rizoma tipo exportação e menor produção de rizomas pequenos.

Parasitosis intestinales y factores socioambientales: estudio preliminar en una población de horticultores / Intestinal parasitoses and socio-environmental factors: a preliminary study on a population of horticulturists

Introduction: Various families of small horticultural producers who supply the regional market live in Pereyra Iraola Park. This paper addresses an integral parasitological study designed to assess the sanitary conditions in the place and their impact on human health. Material and methods: Serial human stool and anal swabs (n = 80), canine faeces (n = 8), farm animals (n = 12), and vegetables samples (n = 21) were analyzed. Concentration techniques by flotation and sedimentation were applied. Through semi-structured surveys socio-environmental variables were studied. Results: The study showed that 84% of the human population was parasitized. The highest prevalence corresponded to Blastocystis sp. (41.2%), Enterobius vermicularis (37.5%) and Entamoeba coli (33.7%). Significant associations between parasitic species were found. Trichuris vulpis (37.5%) was the most prevalent species in canines followed by Ancylostoma caninum, Uncinaria stenocephala and Toxocara canis (25%). Farm animals showed Balantidium coli, Trichuris suis, Capillaria sp., Heterakis sp., Trichostrongylus sp., among others. In vegetables, amoeba cysts, coccidia oocysts, strongylid eggs and larvae of free-living nematodes were found. The presence of G. lamblia in the human population was significantly associated with irregular work of the mother, the lack of parental education and the possession of a vegetable garden. Conclusions: The results observed in the population, and species of zoonotic importance in animals and vegetables suggest that these studies should be furthered and control and environmental sanitation measures implemented in order to improve the quality of life of horticulturists and their productive activity

Introducción: En el parque Pereyra Iraola viven familias de pequeños productores hortícolas que abastecen al mercado regional. El presente trabajo aborda un estudio parasitológico integral, con el fin de evaluar las condiciones sanitarias y su impacto en la salud humana. Materiales y métodos: Se analizaron muestras seriadas de heces humanas y escobillado anal (n = 80), heces caninas (n = 8), de animales de cría (n = 12), y muestras de hortalizas (n = 21). Se aplicaron técnicas de concentración por flotación y sedimentación. Mediante encuestas semiestructuradas se relevaron variables socioambientales. Resultados: El 84% de la población humana resultó parasitada. Las mayores prevalencias correspondieron a Blastocystis sp. (41.2%), Enterobius vermicularis (37.5%) y Entamoeba coli (33.7%). Se hallaron asociaciones significativas entre especies parásitas. En perros, la especie más prevalente fue Trichuris vulpis (37.5%), seguida de Ancylostoma caninum, Uncinaria stenocephala y Toxocara canis (25%). En animales de cría se halló Balantidium coli, Trichuris suis, Capillaria sp., Heterakis sp., Trichostrongylus sp., entre otros. En las hortalizas se encontraron quistes de amebas, ooquistes de coccidios, huevos de estrongilídeos y larvas de nematodes de vida libre. La presencia de G. lamblia en la población humana se asoció significativamente con trabajo inestable de la madre, falta de educación paterna y tenencia de huerta. Conclusiones: Los resultados observados en la población y las especies de importancia zoonótica en animales y hortalizas sugieren profundizar estos estudios y llevar adelante medidas de control y saneamiento ambiental, que mejoren la calidad de vida de los horticultores y su actividad productiva